Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Hydrochemistry and Suitability for Domestic Use in Ogun Waterside, Nigeria
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Groundwater serves as the primary source of domestic water in Ogun Waterside; however, its quality is often compromised by both geological and anthropogenic influences. This study assessed the spatial distribution and statistical significance of selected water quality parameters in comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. A total of 25 groundwater samples were collected across different lithological zones and analyzed for key physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), major cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺), and anions (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻, NO₃⁻). The results were subjected to descriptive statistics, t-tests, and geospatial statistical analysis using the Kriging method to evaluate spatial variation in water quality across the study area. Descriptive statistics and t-tests revealed that several parameters—pH, EC, TDS, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻, and NO₃⁻ exhibited varying degrees of deviation from WHO recommended limits. Notably, K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄²⁻, and NO₃⁻ differed significantly from WHO standards (p < 0.05), indicating potential environmental concerns. Spatial analysis based on the Average Mean Square Error (AMSE) showed that most parameters had low variability (AMSE ≈ 1.0), suggesting a relatively uniform distribution. However, nitrate displayed the highest AMSE (1.240), indicating substantial spatial variation likely due to anthropogenic inputs. These findings highlight the need for continuous groundwater monitoring and targeted management strategies, particularly in nitrate- prone areas. Furthermore, the results underscore the importance of investigating localized factors influencing parameter variability. Overall, the study provides a valuable baseline for environmental planning and water quality management in the Ogun Waterside region.
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