IMPACTS OF GEOGENIC AND ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN COASTAL ALLUVIAL AQUIFERS OF OGUN WATERSIDE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
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Abstract
Groundwater contamination is a growing concern in coastal areas due to both natural and human activities. This study examined the influence of lithological variation on surface water quality by analysing eleven physicochemical parameters across different geological formations. Purposive sampling was performed across 25 hand-dug wells in four principal villages, focusing on residential and agricultural zones based on lithological variations; samples were obtained using pre-treated polypropylene containers and examined for physicochemical parameters. Statistical evaluations including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and one-way ANOVA were employed. Descriptive results showed high variability, particularly in EC, TDS, and nitrate concentrations. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between sodium and prevailing human activity (r = 0.544, p<0.005), suggesting anthropogenic influence. ANOVA results indicated that pH (p = 0.017) and EC (p = 0.005) varied significantly across lithological classes, while sulphate, carbonate, and TDS showed near-significant differences. Other parameters such as calcium, nitrate, and potassium did not differ significantly, implying a uniform distribution or influence from external sources. These findings explain the dual influence of geology and human activity on water chemistry. It is recommended that lithology be integrated into water quality monitoring frameworks to improve source attribution and to guide sustainable watershed management practices.
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